厦门湾空气质量对新冠疫情管控的响应

通过对厦门湾城市群在COVID-19封锁前后6周内（2020-01-11~2020-02-21）的空气污染物浓度变化进行分析,以确定影响本区域空气质量的主要人为污染源.在春节假期与封锁叠加期间,SO₂、NO₂、CO、PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度相比于节前1周的下降幅度分别为6%~22%、53%~70%、34%~48%、47%~64%和53%~60%,而O₃浓度变化没有一致的规律性;与2018~2019年历史同期相比,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO和NO₂的下降幅度更大,但SO₂的下降幅度相当;在复工复产后,NO₂的反弹幅度最大（38%~138%）,远高于SO₂（2%~42%）,显示交通源相对于固定源更易受到疫情管控的影响;春节后风速增大和降水增多也为SO₂、NO₂和PM的下降提供了正向影响.利用反距离插值权重法,得到管控前后厦门湾城市群不同污染物的空间分布变化特征,显示NO₂浓度高值区的变化与交通源高度相关,CO和SO₂空间分布特征保持稳定,复工后PM_2.5和PM₁₀在人口与路网密集区变化不明显,而在工地相对集中区域有明显上升,O₃空间分布的低值区与NO₂的高值区具有较好的空间匹配性,显示NO₂对O₃滴定作用明显,可为进一步O₃污染减排措施的制定提供参考.     

不同结构改良剂对铜镉污染土壤水稻生长和重金属吸收的影响

本研究以铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）污染水稻土为对象,通过水稻盆栽试验研究聚丙烯酸（PAA）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、聚乙烯醇（PVA）和腐殖酸（HA）这4种结构改良剂对水稻生长和重金属吸收的影响.结果表明,与对照处理相比,施用结构改良剂处理水稻株高和秸秆重分别增加了7.34%~22.0%和10.0%~32.2%,结构改良剂用量越高,增幅越大.施用0.4%的结构改良剂对水稻有一定的减产效应,籽粒重比对照处理降低了6.70%~32.6%.施用结构改良剂对土壤pH值无影响,但显著降低了土壤有效态Cu （5.38%~39.7%）和Cd含量（6.98%~59.6%）,水稻根、秸秆和稻米中Cu含量分别降低了0.88%~27.2%、8.50%~45.2%和3.41%~31.2%,Cd含量分别降低了5.93%~20.5%、10.0%~51.4%和3.12%~50.7%,PAA处理的降幅最大、PVA处理的降幅最小.结构改良剂降低了Cu和Cd从根系向秸秆的转运系数,但增加了Cu和Cd从秸秆向稻米的转运系数.总体来看,施用结构改良剂促进了水稻生长,抑制了水稻对Cu和Cd的吸收,对重金属污染土壤具有一定的修复效果.     

Investigation of the effects of humic acid and H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> on the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine assisted by microwave

A solution of atrazine in a TiO₂ suspension, an endocrine disruptor in natural water, was tentatively treated by microwave-assisted photocatalytic technique. The effects of mannitol, oxygen, humic acid, and hydrogen dioxide on the photodegradation rate were explored. The results could be deduced as follows: the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine fits the pseudo-first-order kinetic well with k = 0.0328 s^?1, and ·OH was identified as the dominant reactant. Photodegradation of atrazine was hindered in the presence of humic acid, and the retardation effect increased as the concentration of humic acid increased. H₂O₂ displayed a significant negative influence on atrazine photocatalysis efficiency. Based on intermediates identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques, the main degradation routes of atrazine are proposed.     

中国木材产业发展的阶段识别及时空分异特征

论文基于产业生命周期理论及探索性空间数据分析方法,运用1954—2014年各省木材产量数据对中国木材产业的发展阶段以及时空格局变化规律展开了分析。研究表明：1） Gompertz模型显示木材产业处于产业生命周期的成长阶段;2）探索性空间数据分析显示木材产业具有明显的地域转移趋势和显著的区域聚集特征,尤其在2000年以后,南方集体林区逐渐形成了木材生产“热点”;3）根据重心模型显示的移动轨迹,可以将木材产业发展分为三个时期,即经济驱动时期、经济驱动与生态驱动相持时期、生态驱动时期,木材产业的时空格局演变是这两种驱动力量相对均衡的结果。根据研究结论,提出了重视森林资源培育、适时放开采伐限额、由行政监督向购买社会服务转变等促进木材产业发展的建议。     

组织安全文化评价的基础性问题及方法论

为促进组织安全文化评价研究与实践,针对目前组织安全文化评价研究所存在的根本缺陷,运用文献分析法,对组织安全文化评价的基础性问题及方法论开展系统研究。基于评价的定义,提出组织安全文化评价的定义,并分析其内涵。基于此,提炼与剖析组织安全文化评价的8个基本问题,即评价原则、评价基准、评价对象、评价目的、评价层面、评价范围、评价依据与限制因素,并建构和解析组织安全文化评价的一般程式。结果表明:组织安全文化评价需以明晰上述8个组织安全文化评价的基本问题为前提和基础,需以文献学方法、系统论方法、社会学与心理学方法、数学与统计学方法及具体评价方法5大类方法为指导。     

安全信息认知通用模型构建及其启示

为了揭示复杂系统内安全信息传播的机理与故障模式和发展新的安全模型,以安全信息认知过程为主线,以安全信息失真或不对称为问题,构建了1个包含7个关键事件、6个时间状态、5级信息失真和4级信息传播的安全信息认知通用理论模型,阐述了模型的内涵、特点、用途分类和故障诊断分析途径,并由模型推导出1组安全科学基础理论新概念,同时也建立了1种新的安全信息系统分析与控制的方法论。结果表明,该模型对事故致因机理分析、行为安全管理、系统安全设计和事故防控等的具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

基于改进输出系数模型的云南宝象河流域非点源污染负荷估算

本文引入降雨、地形因子(α、β)对经典的输出系数模型(ECM)进行改进,基于1999~2010年云南宝象河流域气象、水文、社会经济等数据,利用改进的输出系数模型(IECM)对该地区(位于滇池的东北部,绝大部分在官渡区内,西北部少部分在盘龙区内)的非点源污染负荷进行估算.结果显示,2008年宝象河流域非点源氮、磷污染的所占比例(分别为74.2%和68.0%)要显著高于点源氮、磷污染的所占比例(分别为25.8%和32.0%).氮污染中,不同非点源的贡献率依次为土地利用类型>大气沉降>农村生活>畜禽养殖;磷污染中,不同非点源污染的贡献率为土地利用类型>农村生活>大气沉降>畜禽养殖.宝象河流域的非点源氮污染比例要高于整个滇池流域,非点源磷污染比例与滇池流域较为接近.与实际观测值比较,IECM对TN、TP负荷的估算值的平均相对偏差分别为15%和-6%,ECM对TN、TP负荷的估算值的平均相对偏差分别为54%和17%.这表明改进的输出系数模型(IECM)提高了结果的准确性,可以为滇池流域的污染(尤其是非点源污染)负荷估算提供参考方法.     

Applying chemical sedimentation process in drinking water treatment plant to address the emergent arsenic spills in water sources

Arsenic (As) spills occurred more frequently and sometimes polluted water sources in recent years in China. It is as urgent need to develop emergency treatment technologies to address the arsenic threat for large-scale water treatment plants. In response, we developed a chemical sedimentation technology to remove arsenic contaminants for water treatment plants. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of arsenic removal and the influencing factors of the chemical sedimentation treatment process. The influencing factors included the choice and dosage of coagulants, the valence of arsenic and pH value of solution. The As(V) contaminants can be almost completely removed by ferric or alum coagulants. The As(III) contaminants are more recalcitrant to chemical sedimentation, 75% for ferric coagulant and 40% for alum coagulant. The quantitative results of arsenic removal load by different ferric or alum coagulants were presented to help determine the parameters for arsenic treatment technology. The dominant mechanism for arsenic removal is static combination, or adsorption of negative arsenic species onto positive ferric hydroxide or alum hydroxide flocs. The efficiency of this treatment technology has also been demonstrated by a real production test in one water treatment plant with arsenic-rich source water and one emergency response. This technology was verified to be quick to set-up, easy to operate and highly efficient even for high concentration of arsenic.     

The influence of chlorinated aromatics' structure on their adsorption characteristics on activated carbon to tackle chemical spills in drinking water source

This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption process and tackling chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols spill in drinking water source. The adsorption kinetics and PAC’s capacities for five chlorobenzenes and three chlorophenols at drinking water contamination levels were studied in order to determine the influence of different functional groups on the adsorption behavior. The results showed that PAC adsorption could be used as an effective emergency drinking water treatment process to remove these compounds. The adsorption kinetics took 30 min to achieve nearly equilibrium and could be described by both pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models. A mathematic relationship was developed between the pseudo first-order adsorption rate constant, k₁, and the solutes’ properties including lgK_ow, polarizability and molecular weight. The Freundlich isotherm equation could well describe the adsorption equilibrium behaviors of chlorinated aromatics with r² from 0.920 to 0.999. The H-bond donor/acceptor group, hydrophobicity, solubility and molecular volume were identified as important solute properties that affect the PAC adsorption capacity. These results could assist water professionals in removing chlorinated aromatics during emergency drinking water treatment.     

基于资源价值折耗的石油资源账户建立与分析——以黄河三角洲石油开发为例

在国际上通行的环境经济综合核算体系(SEEA)的基础上,以黄河三角洲石油资源开发为研究案例,根据黄河三角洲2003-2008年石油开发利用等数据,经过计算和统计依次建立了石油资源的实物型账户、价值型账户和综合账户。计算和统计结果表明:2003-2008年,黄河三角洲石油资源因开采而造成的价值折耗分别为154.0×10⁸、111.3×10⁸、121.6×10⁸、104.9×10⁸、106.0×10⁸、83.0×10⁸元,考虑了资源价值折耗的石油行业增加值占工业增加值和地区GDP的比例,以及因价值折耗造成的工业经济和地区GDP损失比例都有减小的趋势,平均分别为59.1%和42.0%,以及14.3%和9.8%。巨大的价值折耗带来了石油资源利用的可持续性下降,但是在当地的整体经济中,黄河三角洲石油开发带来的经济增长的可持续性在一定程度上增强。最后对结果进行了分析和讨论。